变推力固体火箭发动机喉栓烧蚀试验研究

针对三维C/C和钨渗铜两种不同材质,开展了发动机喉栓的静态烧蚀及动态烧蚀研究,揭示了静态和互变条件下喉栓发动机的烧蚀规律.试验结果表明,高压静态条件与互变过程相比,喉栓烧蚀率有明显差别,高压静态比互变过程烧蚀更严重,互变过程引起的热环境变化没有造成烧蚀异常增大.因此,在工程中可采用高压静态烧蚀试验来考核喉栓材料,简化试验系统;在文中试验条件下,钨渗铜喉栓最大径向烧蚀率为0.085 mm/s,三维编织C/C材料最大径向烧蚀率为0.545 mm/s,钨渗铜比C/C材料更适用于喉栓;发动机非轴对称结构、粒子冲刷和沉积现象对烧蚀影响较大,采用同轴结构可改善流动的对称性,有利于进一步研究其他因素对烧蚀的影响.     

不同燃气环境下硅橡胶绝热材料烧蚀特性试验研究

在气相燃气环境、含Al2O3两相燃气环境中,对硅橡胶绝热材料开展了烧蚀试验研究,分析了不同燃气环境下燃气流速对材料的炭化烧蚀率、炭化层结构特征及炭化层成分分布的影响.试验结果表明,炭化层及热解层膨胀幅度很大,导致的热传导路径增长不可忽略;在烧蚀发动机高温燃气环境中,燃气流速增大对炭化层有明显减薄作用,热解气体溢出受阻对炭化层产生的内压作用以及热应力可能使炭化层结构破坏,炭化层主要成分的摩尔含量沿厚度方向有基本相同的变化趋势;富氧环境中的炭化烧蚀率最大,且烧蚀机理与烧蚀发动机环境有较大区别.     

C/C喉衬烧蚀性能的实验研究

开展不同推进剂和压强对喉衬烧蚀的影响研究,对认识喉衬烧蚀机理和指导设计很有意义.采用小型烧蚀实验发动机,开展了不同压强下无铝双基推进剂和含铝17%的复合推进刺工况下C/C喉衬烧蚀的实验研究,分析了粒子沉积、燃气组分和燃烧室压强等时烧蚀性能的影响.结果表明,随着工作压强的升高,喉衬烧蚀率明显增大,主要机制是热流密度增加和气流剥蚀加剧,粒子沉积减弱;相同压强条件下,含铝复合推进剂工况下C/C喉衬的烧蚀率远小于无铝双基推进剂工况,主要原因是氧化铝沉积严重.对喉村烧蚀起到了一定保护作用.     

Spacecraft formation flying for Earth-crossing object deflections using a power limited laser ablating

A formation flying strategy with an Earth-crossing object (ECO) is proposed to avoid the Earth collision. Assuming that a future conceptual spacecraft equipped with a powerful laser ablation tool already rendezvoused with a fictitious Earth collision object, the optimal required laser operating duration and direction histories are accurately derived to miss the Earth. Based on these results, the concept of formation flying between the object and the spacecraft is applied and analyzed as to establish the spacecraft’s orbital motion design strategy. A fictitious “Apophis”-like object is established to impact with the Earth and two major deflection scenarios are designed and analyzed. These scenarios include the cases for the both short and long laser operating duration to avoid the Earth impact. Also, requirement of onboard laser tool’s for both cases are discussed. As a result, the optimal initial conditions for the spacecraft to maintain its relative trajectory to the object are discovered. Additionally, the discovered optimal initial conditions also satisfied the optimal required laser operating conditions with no additional spacecraft’s own fuel expenditure to achieve the spacecraft formation flying with the ECO. The initial conditions founded in the current research can be used as a spacecraft’s initial rendezvous points with the ECO when designing the future deflection missions with laser ablation tools. The results with proposed strategy are expected to make more advances in the fields of the conceptual studies, especially for the future deflection missions using powerful laser ablation tools.     

烧蚀对再入体绕流电子数密度影响的数值研究

从化学非平衡NS方程或其简化形式(粘性激波层方程、PNS方程)出发,采用分区求解的方法数值模拟含泰氟隆烧蚀产物的高超声速再入体流场.首先计算分析了RAM-C飞行试验状态和一个考核算例,对计算方法和程序作了初步验证.其次耦合烧蚀壁面边界条件和流体控制方程,采用19组分28个反应的化学反应模型,对有、无烧蚀情况下高超声速钝锥体再入绕流及底部流场进行了数值模拟,深入分析了烧蚀产物对再入流场电子数密度及温度分布的影响.     

火箭发动机尾焰流场注水降温效果初探

为了对超声速高温燃气射流的注水降温机理进行探索,对该类流场进行了数值模拟和实验研究。气-液两相流场采用Mixture多相流模型进行计算,液态水的汽化过程通过耦合水的汽化方程来模拟。实验现象采用高速摄影和红外热像仪进行拍摄,并且在冲击平板上布置了热电偶温度测点。通过对仿真计算得到的温度云图与实验结果进行比较发现,无论是流场形态还是温度场分布,两者都十分吻合,证明了计算模型的适用性。结果表明:液态水和燃气的掺混汽化吸热效果显著,高温区域由于注水影响缩小到一个类锥形区域;迎气面温度大大降低,热冲击烧蚀效应得到有效缓解,尤其是中心部位降温效果最为明显,注水后温度仅为原温度值的60%左右。     

炭化层疏松/致密结构的三元乙丙烧蚀模型

分析了烧蚀发动机和高过载烧蚀发动机实验得到EPDM(三元乙丙)的炭化层结构,获得烧蚀过程炭化层结构形成变化的机理,建立了考虑疏松致密结构的多孔炭化层物理模型.模型中炭化层为非均质的多孔可渗透介质,孔隙内部存在气体扩散和热化学反应;炭化层中热解气体沉积效应形成致密结构.在多孔介质流动与传热算法基础上建立了模拟绝热材料烧蚀过程的数值方法,计算得到的炭化率、质量烧蚀率和炭化层的多孔结构与实验结果相吻合,证明了本烧蚀模型能够准确地描述绝热材料的热化学烧蚀过程,并为耦合烧蚀模型的建立提供数值算法基础.      

功能电极烧蚀加工典型难加工材料实验研究

为研究功能电极电火花诱导烧蚀加工对难加工材料的适用性和影响因素,选取镍基高温合金GH4169、淬火模具钢Cr12、钛合金TC4、钛铝合金TAC-2四种典型难加工材料进行常规电火花加工(Electric discharge machining,EDM)和功能电极烧蚀加工对比实验。结果表明:烧蚀加工对难加工材料有广泛的适用性,其加工效率分别为相同条件下常规电火花加工的37.3倍、13.5倍、58.7倍和13.7倍。研究发现:随着金属活泼性的提高,燃烧消耗和燃烧热的熔化作用增强,烧蚀作用增大;烧蚀加工表面的氧化层特性对烧蚀加工效率的提高有决定性作用;内喷液加工反镀现象的减小、烧蚀加工效率的提高量、氧化层的特性等因素决定着电极的相对损耗。     

Design of a formation of solar pumped lasers for asteroid deflection

This paper presents the design of a multi-spacecraft system for the deflection of asteroids. Each spacecraft is equipped with a fibre laser and a solar concentrator. The laser induces the sublimation of a portion of the surface of the asteroid, and the resultant jet of gas and debris thrusts the asteroid off its natural course. The main idea is to have a formation of spacecraft flying in the proximity of the asteroid with all the spacecraft beaming to the same location to achieve the required deflection thrust. The paper presents the design of the formation orbits and the multi-objective optimisation of the formation in order to minimise the total mass in space and maximise the deflection of the asteroid. The paper demonstrates how significant deflections can be obtained with relatively small sized, easy-to-control spacecraft.     

EPDM绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型

以EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀特性为研究对象,借鉴多孔介质领域的相关理论和方法,以炭化层的孔隙结构特征和参数为纽带,建立了考虑热化学烧蚀、颗粒侵蚀和气流剥蚀的EPDM类绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型,并进行了模型的初步实验验证。结果表明,所建立的模型不仅在EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀率预示方面具有较高的计算精度,而且在细管上能够基本反映绝热材料的烧蚀特性。